Niassa+A.

=**May 10, 2010 - Preliminary research**=

Please post the following items: Final Paper 
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The Kennedy/Nixon Debates A New Campaign   6/1/2010 Niassa Andrews

 The four Kennedy/Nixon debates are cited as a piece of American history, being the first Presidential debates to be televised. These debates were innovative in their exhibition of a combination of extensive research and planning. They established a new, diverse presidential campaign, evolving the United States politically, historically and socially. The presidential debates between Senator John F. Kennedy and Vice-President Richard M. Nixon occurred on four various occasions. The first occurring in Chicago, Illinois at McClurg Court, airing on the CBS station WBBM.II. With Kennedy arriving about fifteen minutes after Nixon, the first televised presidential debates were under way on September 26, 1960 at 8:30 Central Standard Time. [1] The debate was moderated by Howard K. Smith. There was an estimated 73,500,000 television viewers of this debate. [2] After the debate many Americans had mixed opinions as to who won the debate, mostly depending on whether or not they listened to the debate on the radio or if they watched the debate on a television. [3] Television viewers concluded that Kennedy won the debate, however radio listeners concluded that Nixon won. Poll investigators attributed the “power of the television” to the mixed results of Americans across the country. The Kennedy/Nixon debates affected the United States politically because it gave candidates the ability to create a personal image to voters. The utilization of television greatly affected each candidate’s campaign. For Senator Kennedy, the televised debates improved his public image. Portrayed as “immature, young, and inexperienced” by Vice-President Nixon, Kennedy was able to establish himself as a calm and level headed candidate. [4] Senator Kennedy appeared tranquil, unlike his normal appearance of constantly adjusting his clothing, and excessively touching his face or his knee. Vice-President Nixon, however, appeared very nervous and indeed sick. His recent weight loss, five o’clock shadow, and sweating made Nixon appear as if the campaign was taking a major toll on his health, like he would be unable to handle the pressures of running an intense campaign. Being able to view the candidates on television and given the opportunity to watch their reactions to questions being asked gave Americans a sense of personal connection between the candidates and the voter, altering the American voter’s perception of presidential candidates forever. This “personal connection” Americans felt with candidates made them feel as if the candidates were speaking directly towards them, as if they were interviewer. The content of the debates are rarely spoken of considering the visual impact of the debates have come to overshadow the actual discussions of the debates. However, each candidate’s campaign policy was established. The topic of the first debate was domestic policy. Each candidate was allowed to speak on domestic policy for eight minutes, then was addressed by a panel consisting of Sander Vanocur of NBC, Robert Fleming of ABC, Stuart Novins of CBS, and Charles Warren of MBS. Lastly, each candidate was allocated a three minute closing statement. The second of the Kennedy/Nixon debates was held on October 7th, 1960 at 6:30p.m. Central Standard Time in Washington, D.C. at WRC-TV (NBC’s affiliate studio). This debate was moderated by Frank McGee with a panel consisting of Alvin Spivak of UPI, Harold Levy of Newsday, Edward P. Morgan of ABC and Paul Niven of CBS. The topics of this second debate were foreign policy and civil rights, with civil rights being a developing issue of the time. [5] Each candidate was allocated an eight minute opening statement with a three minute closing and rotating question with an optional rebuttal. Nixon was cited as the winner of this debate, having regained his lost weight and presenting himself as well rested, allowing viewers to focus on his words rather than his appearance. Some 61,900,000 viewers watched this debate. The third presidential debate between Vice-President Nixon and Senator Kennedy took place on October 13, 1960 at 6:30p.m. Central Standard Time in three different television studios. Vice-President Nixon was an ABC affiliate studio in Hollywood, California, while Senator Kennedy was in an ABC studio in New York City. The panelists were also in an ABC affiliate studio in Hollywood, California, however not the same studio as Vice-President Nixon. This debate was also innovative because it was the first “split screen debate”. The moderator was Bill Shadel of ABC. The panelists included Frank McGee of NBC, the previous debate’s moderator, Charles Van Fremd of CBS, Douglass Cater of Reporter Magazine, Roscoe Drummond of the New York Harold and Bob Fleming of ABC News. This debate focused on foreign policy yet again and the US economy. The format of this debate consisted of no opening or closing statements, questions with a two and a half minute response and minute and a half rebuttal. With an estimated 63,700,000 television viewers, Nixon was deemed winner of the third debate as well. [6] The fourth and final debate occurred on October 21, 1960 at 9:30p.m. Central Standard Time at ABC’s New York City studio. The debate once again on foreign policy was moderated by Quincy Howe of ABC. The panel was constructed of Frank Singiser of Mutual News, John Edwards of ABC News, Walter Cronkite of CBS News and John Chancellor of NBC News. Each candidate was allowed an eight minute opening statement with thirty minutes of questions and answers with a five minute closing statement. An estimated 60,400,000 television viewers concluded that this final debate was a tie between the two candidates. [7] The Kennedy/Nixon debates also allowed candidates to voice their presidential platforms to a larger audience at a faster pace. Presidential debates occurring on television led to a small jump in the purchase of televisions. The debates averaged 64,875,000 viewers a debate. The Kennedy/Nixon debates did not directly affect the United States economy; however it increased the cost of presidential campaign. Because televised debates have been a factor in presidential campaign from the 1960 presidential election and on, candidates have progressively spent more and more money their public image, especially their appearance on television. These debates held importance towards each candidate’s campaign because these debates were the beginning of a turning point in the election. The Kennedy/Nixon debates hold a historical impact on the United States because it was the first televised presidential debate, which altered the image of candidates. The Kennedy/ Nixon debates, also known as “the Great Debates”, were a viewed to be a deciding factor in Americans opting to vote for Kennedy in the presidential election on November 8, 1960. The debates between Vice-President Richard M. Nixon and Senator John F. Kennedy taking place between the dates of September 26, 1960 to October 21, 1960 are and forever will be a piece of American history. These debates were not only the first presidential debates to be televised, but are the most important presidential debates next to the Lincoln-Douglas debates in 1848. These debates sparked a further interest in national politics among Americans and served was the model for future presidential debates, both American and foreign. Although the debates did not immediately set the precedent for further presidential debates, once the pattern was set, as with George Washington and his presidency, every televised presidential debates have followed the model of the 1960 presidential debates. =Bibliography= Donaldson, Gary. //Modern America: a Documentary History of the Nation since 1945 //. Armonk, N.Y.:M.E.Sharpe, 2007.

Friedenberg, Robert V. //Rhetorical Studies of National Political Debates, 1960-1992 //. Westport: Praeger, 1994.

Kraus, Sidney. //Televised Presidential Debates and Public Policy //. Hillsdale, N.J.: L. Erlbaum Associates,1988.

Kraus, Sidney. "Winners of the First 1960 Televised Presidential Debate between Kennedy and Nixon." //Journal of Communication //46.4(1996):78.

Murray, Michael D. //Encyclopedia of Television News //. Phoenix, Ariz.: Oryx, 1999. "Our Campaigns - Event - First Kennedy-Nixon Debate - Sep 26, 1960." //Our Campaigns Home Page//. Web. 31 May 2010. .

Schroeder, Alan. //Presidential Debates: Fifty Years of High-risk TV //. New York: Columbia UP, 2008.

Trent, Judith S., and Robert V. Friedenberg. //Political Campaign Communication Principles and Practices //. Lanham [u.a.: Rowman & Littlefield, 2008.

White, Theodore H. //The Making of the President, 1960. // New York: Atheneum, 1961.

[1]  White, Theodore H. //<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">The Making of the President, 1960. // New York: Atheneum, 1961. [2] <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">"Our Campaigns - Event - First Kennedy-Nixon Debate - Sep 26, 1960." //Our Campaigns Home Page//. Web. 26 May 2010. <http://www.ourcampaigns.com/EventDetail.html?EventID=10>. [3] <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> Kraus, Sidney. "Winners of the First 1960 Televised Presidential Debate between Kennedy and Nixon." //<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Journal of Communication // 46.4 (1996): 78. [4] <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> Gary Donaldson. //<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Modern America: a Documentary History of the Nation since 1945 //. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe, 2007. [5] "Our Campaigns - Event - Second Kennedy-Nixon Debate - Oct 07, 1960." //Our Campaigns Home Page//. Web. 26 May 2010. <http://www.ourcampaigns.com/EventDetail.html?EventID=11>. [6] "Our Campaigns - Event - Third Kennedy-Nixon Debate - Oct 13, 1960." //Our Campaigns Home Page//. Web. 26 May 2010. <http://www.ourcampaigns.com/EventDetail.html?EventID=12>. [7] "Our Campaigns - Event - Fourth Kennedy-Nixon Debate - Oct 21, 1960." //Our Campaigns Home Page//. Web. 26 May 2010. <http://www.ourcampaigns.com/EventDetail.html?EventID=13>.

PAPER <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-align: center;">The Kennedy/Nixon Debates: A New Campaign Niassa Andrews The four Kennedy/Nixon debates are cited as a piece of American history, being the first Presidential debates to be televised. These debates were innovative in their exhibition of a combination of extensive research and planning. They established a new, diverse presidential campaign, evolving the United States politically, historically and socially. The presidential debates between Senator John F. Kennedy and Vice-President Richard M. Nixon occurred on four various occasions. The first occurring in Chicago, Illinois at McClurg Court, airing on the CBS station WBBM.II. With Kennedy arriving about fifteen minutes after Nixon, the first televised presidential debates were under way on September 26,1960. [1] After the debate many Americans had mixed opinions as to who won the debate, mostly depending on whether or not they listened to the debate on the radio or if they watched the debate on a television. [2] Poll investigators attributed the “power of the television” to the mixed results of Americans across the country. The Kennedy/Nixon debates affected the United States politically because it gave candidates the ability to create a personal image to voters. Vice President Nixon had recently been sick and under much stress prior to the first debate, resulting in his sickly and faint appearance on television. Nixon’s faint appearance gave Americans who watched the debates on television the impression that he was nervous and unprepared. Senator Kennedy’s radiant and stunning appearance made him seem calm, cool and collected. Being able to view the candidates on television and given the opportunity to watch their reactions to questions being asked gave Americans a sense of personal connection between the candidates and the voter, altering the American voter’s perception of presidential candidates forever. This “personal connection” Americans felt with candidates made them feel as if the candidates were speaking directly towards them, as if they were interviewer. The Kennedy/Nixon debates also allowed candidates to voice their presidential platforms to a larger audience at a faster pace. Presidential debates occurring on television led to a small jump in the purchase of televisions. The Kennedy/Nixon debates did not directly affect the United States economy; however it increased the cost of presidential campaign. These debates held importance towards each candidates campaign because these debates were the beginning of a turning point in the election. The Kennedy/Nixon debates hold a historical impact on the United States because it was the first televised presidential debate, which altered the image of candidates.

[1] W hite, Theodore H. // The Making of the President, 1960. // New York: Atheneum, 1961. [2] Kraus, Sidney. "Winners of the First 1960 Televised Presidential Debate between Kennedy and Nixon." // Journal of Communication // 46.4 (1996): 78.

OUTLINE

Title: The Kennedy/Nixon Debates: A New Campaign I. Introduction a. Thesis:The Kennedy/Nixon debates are cited as a piece of American history, being the first presidential debate to be televised. These debates established a new, diverse presidential campaign, evolving the United States politically, historically and socially. II. Social & Economic Effects a. The Kennedy/Nixon debates did not directly effect the United States economy, however it increased the cost of presidential campaign. b. The Kennedy/Nixon debates affected Americans socially because it sparked a personal connection between the voter and the presidential candidates. III. Political Effects a. The Kennedy/Nixon debates affected the United States politically because it gave candidates the ability to create a personal image to voters. b. The Kennedy/Nixon debates also allowed candidates to voice their presidential platforms to a larger audience at a faster pace. IV. Historical Impact a. The Kennedy/Nixon debates hold a historical impact on the United States because it was the first televised presidential debate, which altered the image of candidates. b. V. Conclusion

The Kennedy/Nixon debates are cited as a piece of American history, being the first presidential debate to be televised. These debates established a new, diverse presidential campaign, evolving the United States politically, historically and socially.
 * Working thesis statement:**

Donaldson, Gary. //Modern America: a Documentary History of the Nation since 1945//. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe, 2007. Friedenberg, Robert V. //Rhetorical Studies of National Political Debates, 1960-1992//. Westport: Praeger, 1994. Kraus, Sidney. //Televised Presidential Debates and Public Policy//. Hillsdale, N.J.: L. Erlbaum Associates, 1988. Kraus, Sidney. "Winners of the First 1960 Televised Presidential Debate between Kennedy and Nixon." //Journal of Communication// 46.4 (1996): 78. Murray, Michael D. //Encyclopedia of Television News//. Phoenix, Ariz.: Oryx, 1999. Schroeder, Alan. //Presidential Debates: Fifty Years of High-risk TV//. New York: Columbia UP, 2008. Trent, Judith S., and Robert V. Friedenberg. //Political Campaign Communication Principles and Practices//. Lanham [u.a.: Rowman & Littlefield, 2008. White, Theodore H. //The Making of the President, 1960.// New York: Atheneum, 1961.
 * Working bibliography:**